Today in the Second World War

Welcome to your Daily Dispatch of the Hidden History Newsletter this July 31, 2023. As we delve into the intricacies of the cataclysmic events that unfolded on this day in history, prepare to be immersed in a time when courage, fortitude, and humanity stood against the might of global turmoil. From the resounding battlefields to the hushed whispers of diplomatic corridors, we're here to illuminate the heroes, the strategies, and the stories that have shaped our world. Fasten your seatbelts as we embark on today's historical journey.

"It is on this beautiful day that we celebrate the Fuhrers birthday and thank him for he is the only reason why Germany is still alive today" - Major General Robert Urquhart - Josef Goebbels - Ministry of Propaganda - 26th April 1945

Quick War

At Adolf Hitler's residence near Berchtesgaden, München-Oberbayern, Germany, German military leaders were advised of Hitler's plan to attack the Soviet Union. Hitler made it clear that an invasion of the USSR was a way of securing mastery of Europe, as the fall of the USSR would certainly force Britain to surrender. The military leaders were told to expect the invasion to start in May 1941, and would likely last about five months.

Reversing Course

Adolf Hitler reversed his order of 23 Jul 1942 which detached the 4th Panzer Army from the assault on Stalingrad, Russia; the 4th Panzer Army began moving north toward Stalingrad, which caused some logistical issues as other German units moved south along the same roads in the invasion of the Caucasus region.

Operation Struggle

Operation Struggle was a British attack on Japanese warships towards the end of World War II, carried out on July 31, 1945. The operation was part of the wider Allied campaign to liberate Southeast Asia from Japanese occupation. The target of Operation Struggle was the Imperial Japanese Navy's heavy cruiser, the Takao, stationed in the Johore Straits, Singapore.

The submarine used for this operation, XE3, was a midget submarine, much smaller than conventional submarines. It was part of the British X-class submarines used for covert missions and was specifically designed for operations in shallow, confined waters, making it suitable for operations like the one in the Johore Straits.

Lieutenant Ian Fraser commanded the XE3 during the operation. Despite challenging conditions, including navigating through mined waters, Fraser managed to position the submarine under the Takao.

Acting Leading Seaman James Magennis was the diver on board the XE3. His task was to attach six limpet mines to the Takao's hull. He had to exit the submarine underwater and work in tough conditions, with poor visibility and strong currents. During the operation, he had to manually scrape barnacles off the hull of the Takao for the mines to properly adhere. Despite facing several difficulties, including an issue with his breathing apparatus, Magennis completed the mission successfully.

Sub-Lieutenant William James Lanyon Smith, from New Zealand, was the other diver onboard, who was prepared to take over from Magennis if anything went wrong. His role was also to release the side charges before the submarine left its station.

Engine Room Artificer Third Class Charles Alfred Reed was responsible for the operation of the machinery within the submarine, a critical role that required him to manage the vessel's limited power and resources.

After planting the mines, the XE3 had to withdraw from beneath the Takao, which proved to be a challenge. The submarine was stuck for a while under the cruiser before it was finally freed. Fraser navigated the XE3 safely back to the rendezvous point. The mines detonated as planned, causing significant damage to the Takao and putting it out of commission for the rest of the war.

In recognition of their gallantry, both Fraser and Magennis were awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Smith received the Distinguished Service Order, and Reed was awarded the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal. These awards recognized their courage and commitment to the mission, despite the significant risks they faced.

Photo of the Day

Cruiser Mk V Covenanter III tank, 31 July 1941.

As we close the pages of history for our July 31st edition, we thank you for journeying with us through the intricate labyrinths of World War II. We hope our exploration has kindled a deeper appreciation of the resilience of the human spirit in the face of unimaginable adversity. Remember, our understanding of the past guides our navigation of the present and shapes our future. Until we rendezvous again tomorrow for another historical expedition, keep the past alive in your hearts and minds.

If you ever have any recommendations feel free to reach out to us at [email protected]

Have a great week :)

Recommended Books:

Today’s email was brought to you by Hidden History.